C21. Experimental Methods in the Study of Hindi Geminate Consonants
21.1 Introduction
Purpose
To provide answers about long consonants or geminates, using an experimental approach in the analysis of Hindi geminates.
The specific topics in this chapter
a) the duration of geminates and of the vowels preceding them
b) long distance durational effects
c) the duration of geminates via-a-vis clusters and of the vowel preceding these.
d)the syllabification of geminates and the issue of their integrity
e) the status of apparent geminates
21.1.1 Some facts about geminates in Hindi
involve the consonantal closure
two separate consonants
have severe phonotactic restrictions.
they occur only intervocalically
always preceded by the non-preipheral vowels, the short vowels
21.2.2 Diachronic data on development of geminates
due to cluster simplification in the development of Middle Indo-Aryan (MIA) from Sanskirt.
2008年6月11日 星期三
APEX model
APEX: an articulatory synthesis model for experimental and computational studies of speech production.
Writers: Stark, J. and Lindblom, B. and Sundberg, J
Speech, Music and Hearing
Communication and interaction between humans via speech and music is the unifying theme of research and teaching within the Department of Speech, Music and Hearing. The department is engaged in a diverse set of multi-disciplinary activities, commonly classified into speech communication, speech technology, speech coding, music acoustics, auditory perception and second language acquisition, to mention the largest areas. The department is also the home of the KTH Unit for Language and Communication.
Abstract
Introduction
http://www.speech.kth.se/prod/publications/files/qpsr/1996/1996_37_2_045-048.pdf
Related reading
THE APEX MODEL AS A TOOL IN THE SPECIFICATION OF SPEAKERSPECIFICARTICULATORY BEHAVIOR
Johan Stark*, Christine Ericsdotter*, Peter Branderud*, Johan Sundberg¤, Hans-Jerker Lundberg^,Jaroslava Lander+
*Stockholm University, ¤Royal Institute of Technology, ^Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm,+Södersjukhuset, Stockholm
http://www.ling.su.se/fon/perilus/1999_19.pdf
Writers: Stark, J. and Lindblom, B. and Sundberg, J
Dept. for Speech, Music and HearingQuarterly Progress andStatus Report
Institution: KTH
Speech, Music and Hearing
Communication and interaction between humans via speech and music is the unifying theme of research and teaching within the Department of Speech, Music and Hearing. The department is engaged in a diverse set of multi-disciplinary activities, commonly classified into speech communication, speech technology, speech coding, music acoustics, auditory perception and second language acquisition, to mention the largest areas. The department is also the home of the KTH Unit for Language and Communication.
Abstract
This is a preliminary report of a project in progress with the purpose to create anarticulatory synthesis model for studies of speech production. It is realised by acomputer program which may control the lips, the shape of the tongue body andapex, and the mandible. An area function may be computed and displayed graphicallyand numerically. Formant values may be computed and sent to a formantsynthesis model for sound production using a DSP hardware module. Automaticand systematic generation of parameters may be achieved and the results sent to adisk jile. The program keeps all speaker dependent data in a disk file, enablingprocessing of several speakers.
Introduction
The Apex project is aimed at the creation of anarticulatory speech model to be used as a tool instudying an important class of speech sounds:apical speech sounds. The need for such amodel is for example found in phonology:(Browman and Goldstein 1992), speech technology:articulatory speech syntesis: (Lin 1990,Fant 1992), and in general basic phonetic research:(Hardcastle and Marchal 1990). Researchin music acoustics and in singing mayalso be mentioned. Another goal is to gain adeeper understanding of coarticulation ofspeech. This knowledge may hopefully beachieved by comparing speech data from themodel with data gathered by laboratory experiments,e.g. movement data using a movetracksystem (Branderud) and data from signal analysisand spectrograms.
The apex model
The apex model is created by a parabolic function.The parabola is attached by its one leg tothe tongue body. The other leg's end correspondto the tip. The model is rotated in order toacheive a smooth conjunction between body and apex.
http://www.speech.kth.se/prod/publications/files/qpsr/1996/1996_37_2_045-048.pdf
Related reading
THE APEX MODEL AS A TOOL IN THE SPECIFICATION OF SPEAKERSPECIFICARTICULATORY BEHAVIOR
Johan Stark*, Christine Ericsdotter*, Peter Branderud*, Johan Sundberg¤, Hans-Jerker Lundberg^,Jaroslava Lander+
*Stockholm University, ¤Royal Institute of Technology, ^Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm,+Södersjukhuset, Stockholm
http://www.ling.su.se/fon/perilus/1999_19.pdf
Ch.12 A Perceptual Bridge Between Coronal and Dorsal /r/
Chapter 12 A Perceptual Bridge Between Coronal and Dorsal /r/
Coronal consonant
Coronal consonants are articulated with the flexible front part of the tongue. Only the coronal consonants can be divided into apical (using the tongue tip), laminal (using the tongue blade), domed (with the tongue bunched up), or sub-apical (with the tongue curled back), as well as a few rarer orientations, because only the front of the tongue has such dexterity. Coronals also have another dimension, grooved, that is used to make sibilants in combination with the orientations above.
Coronal places of articulation include the dental consonants at the upper teeth, the alveolar consonants at the upper gum (the alveolar ridge), the various postalveolar consonants (domed palato-alveolar, laminal alveolo-palatal, and apical retroflex) just behind that, and the true retroflex consonants curled back against the hard palate.
(The list below is missing linguolabial, alveolo-palatal and retroflex consonants)
12.1 Introduction
The rhotics (r-sounds) are known for having a particularly wide range of phonetic variation
Why would [r] change into [R]?
How does sound change begin?
The purpose
To examine the perceptual preconditions for reinterpretations of place of articulation
1) Establish an articulatory-acoustic reference system for a number of /r/ types
2) To evaluate the articulatory-acoustic relationships using articulatory modeling.
3) To synthesize an /r/ continuum situated in the F2-F3 area in question.
12.2 Formant Frequencies for places of /r/ articulation
12.2.1 Data
We recorded reference material to obtain formant frequencies for various approximant rhotics
12.2.2 Comments
The pharyngeals, uvulars, and back velars form separate but adjacent clusters.
12.3 APEX simulations
12.3.1 The APEX model
1) an implementation of a framework previously developed for vowels
2)subsequently augmented with tongue tip and blade parameters
3) APEX is a tool for going from articulatory positions to sound in four steps
4) From specifications for lips, tongue lip, tongue body, jaw opening and larynx height, APEX constructs an articulatory profile.
12.3.2 Simulations
APEX was used to help answer two questions
What are the acoustic consequences of varying the place of articulation in /r/-like coronal articulations?
What are the acoustic consequences of varying the place of articulation in /r/-like dorsal articulations?
12.3.3 Conclusions
By the large, it can be seen that APEX corroborates the articulatory properties exhibited by speaker O. It would therefore seen justified to assume that they are descriptively valid not only for him, but, at least qualitatively, also more generally.
Coronal consonant
Coronal consonants are articulated with the flexible front part of the tongue. Only the coronal consonants can be divided into apical (using the tongue tip), laminal (using the tongue blade), domed (with the tongue bunched up), or sub-apical (with the tongue curled back), as well as a few rarer orientations, because only the front of the tongue has such dexterity. Coronals also have another dimension, grooved, that is used to make sibilants in combination with the orientations above.
Coronal places of articulation include the dental consonants at the upper teeth, the alveolar consonants at the upper gum (the alveolar ridge), the various postalveolar consonants (domed palato-alveolar, laminal alveolo-palatal, and apical retroflex) just behind that, and the true retroflex consonants curled back against the hard palate.
(The list below is missing linguolabial, alveolo-palatal and retroflex consonants)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Dorsal consonant
Dorsal consonants are articulated with the mid body of the tongue (the dorsum). They contrast with coronal consonants articulated with the flexible front of the tongue, and radical consonants articulated with the root of the tongue.
The dorsum of the tongue can contact a broad region of the roof of the mouth, from the hard palate (so-called palatal consonants), the flexible velum behind that (velar consonants), to the uvula at the back of the mouth cavity (uvular consonants). These distinctions are not clear cut, and sometimes finer gradations such as pre-palatal, pre-velar, and post-velar will be noted.
Because the tip of the tongue can curl back to also contact the hard palate for retroflex consonants, consonants produced by contact between the dorsum and the palate are sometimes called dorso-palatal.
The most common pronunciation of the English letter G (as in the garden or to grab) is dorsal, a voiced velar plosive.
The pronunciation of the letters K, Q, and sometimes C (as in the cake or to crawl) is similarly dorsal, a voiceless velar plosive.
Two English approximants, Y as in yellow and W as in white, are also dorsal consonants, palatal and labialised velar respectively.
The German CH sound, found in Scottish English loch, is a dorsal fricative.
The dorsum of the tongue can contact a broad region of the roof of the mouth, from the hard palate (so-called palatal consonants), the flexible velum behind that (velar consonants), to the uvula at the back of the mouth cavity (uvular consonants). These distinctions are not clear cut, and sometimes finer gradations such as pre-palatal, pre-velar, and post-velar will be noted.
Because the tip of the tongue can curl back to also contact the hard palate for retroflex consonants, consonants produced by contact between the dorsum and the palate are sometimes called dorso-palatal.
The most common pronunciation of the English letter G (as in the garden or to grab) is dorsal, a voiced velar plosive.
The pronunciation of the letters K, Q, and sometimes C (as in the cake or to crawl) is similarly dorsal, a voiceless velar plosive.
Two English approximants, Y as in yellow and W as in white, are also dorsal consonants, palatal and labialised velar respectively.
The German CH sound, found in Scottish English loch, is a dorsal fricative.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
12.1 Introduction
The rhotics (r-sounds) are known for having a particularly wide range of phonetic variation
Why would [r] change into [R]?
How does sound change begin?
The purpose
To examine the perceptual preconditions for reinterpretations of place of articulation
1) Establish an articulatory-acoustic reference system for a number of /r/ types
2) To evaluate the articulatory-acoustic relationships using articulatory modeling.
3) To synthesize an /r/ continuum situated in the F2-F3 area in question.
12.2 Formant Frequencies for places of /r/ articulation
12.2.1 Data
We recorded reference material to obtain formant frequencies for various approximant rhotics
12.2.2 Comments
The pharyngeals, uvulars, and back velars form separate but adjacent clusters.
12.3 APEX simulations
12.3.1 The APEX model
1) an implementation of a framework previously developed for vowels
2)subsequently augmented with tongue tip and blade parameters
3) APEX is a tool for going from articulatory positions to sound in four steps
4) From specifications for lips, tongue lip, tongue body, jaw opening and larynx height, APEX constructs an articulatory profile.
12.3.2 Simulations
APEX was used to help answer two questions
What are the acoustic consequences of varying the place of articulation in /r/-like coronal articulations?
What are the acoustic consequences of varying the place of articulation in /r/-like dorsal articulations?
12.3.3 Conclusions
By the large, it can be seen that APEX corroborates the articulatory properties exhibited by speaker O. It would therefore seen justified to assume that they are descriptively valid not only for him, but, at least qualitatively, also more generally.
~Useful link~Phonoblog
http://camba.ucsd.edu/phonoloblog/
Welcome to phonoloblog, a weblog for phonologists (and other interested linguists) to share any and all ideas relevant to phonology and phonological theory. If you’re a phonologist (or other interested linguist, or even just interested), you’re welcome to contribute — just read and agree to the “rules” below.
Comments on posts are automatically open to anyone who agrees to the rules. Actual posts require a username and password — ask Eric (
phonoloblog@gmail.com).
Rules of phonoloblog (updated as necessary; last update Jan. 14, 2006)
phonoloblog is owned and administered by Eric Baković, a phonologist at UC San Diego.
In principle, phonoloblog is open to contributions from anyone with a research interest in phonology. If you would like to be a contributor to phonoloblog, please contact Eric (
phonoloblog@gmail.com) and he’ll set you up (some restrictions apply). Of course, you’re perfectly welcome to just lurk.
phonoloblog is primarily a blog for linguists, and so our contributors are not obliged to submit material that is understandable to nonlinguists (though some may do so). If you want more nonlinguist-friendly linguistics material — or just not so much phonology — check out Language Log instead.
Any abuse of these rules will be dealt with swiftly and unapologetically.
Rules for comments (by way of H. Paul Grice). Disobey them and your comment will be removed.
Quantity
Make your contribution to the conversation as informative as necessary.
Do not make your contribution to the conversation more informative than necessary.
Quality
Do not say what you believe to be false.
Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
Relevance
Be relevant (i.e., say things related to the current topic of the conversation).
Manner
Avoid obscurity of expression.
Avoid ambiguity.
Be brief (avoid unnecessary wordiness).
Be orderly.
Interested in starting a blog of your own? Click here.
Welcome to phonoloblog, a weblog for phonologists (and other interested linguists) to share any and all ideas relevant to phonology and phonological theory. If you’re a phonologist (or other interested linguist, or even just interested), you’re welcome to contribute — just read and agree to the “rules” below.
Comments on posts are automatically open to anyone who agrees to the rules. Actual posts require a username and password — ask Eric (
phonoloblog@gmail.com).
Rules of phonoloblog (updated as necessary; last update Jan. 14, 2006)
phonoloblog is owned and administered by Eric Baković, a phonologist at UC San Diego.
In principle, phonoloblog is open to contributions from anyone with a research interest in phonology. If you would like to be a contributor to phonoloblog, please contact Eric (
phonoloblog@gmail.com) and he’ll set you up (some restrictions apply). Of course, you’re perfectly welcome to just lurk.
phonoloblog is primarily a blog for linguists, and so our contributors are not obliged to submit material that is understandable to nonlinguists (though some may do so). If you want more nonlinguist-friendly linguistics material — or just not so much phonology — check out Language Log instead.
Any abuse of these rules will be dealt with swiftly and unapologetically.
Rules for comments (by way of H. Paul Grice). Disobey them and your comment will be removed.
Quantity
Make your contribution to the conversation as informative as necessary.
Do not make your contribution to the conversation more informative than necessary.
Quality
Do not say what you believe to be false.
Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
Relevance
Be relevant (i.e., say things related to the current topic of the conversation).
Manner
Avoid obscurity of expression.
Avoid ambiguity.
Be brief (avoid unnecessary wordiness).
Be orderly.
Interested in starting a blog of your own? Click here.
Phonology Journal Reading
Collecting Mandarin Speech Databases for Prosody Investigations
Tseng, Chiu-yu, Cheng,Yun-Ching, Lee, Wei-Shan and Huang, Feng-Lan. 2004. Collecting Mandarin Speech Databases for Prosody Investigations. Journal of Chinese Language and Computing. 14(4): 269-277
資料來源:
http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/eip/FILES/publish/2007.8.17.94810121.3034094.pdf
Tseng, Chiu-yu, Cheng,Yun-Ching, Lee, Wei-Shan and Huang, Feng-Lan. 2004. Collecting Mandarin Speech Databases for Prosody Investigations. Journal of Chinese Language and Computing. 14(4): 269-277
資料來源:
http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/eip/FILES/publish/2007.8.17.94810121.3034094.pdf
2008年6月7日 星期六
Chapter 14 Articulatory Movements and Phrase Boundaries
Chapter 14 Articulatory Movements and Phrase Boundaries
The present study
the systematic effect of two prosodic parameters
syllable duration reflecting magnitude of the syllable
magnitude of the gap between two syllables on the strength of consonantal gestures
14.2 The converter/ distributor model
The converter/distributor (C/D) model
a non-traditional relatively powerful model of phonetic organization that uses syllables instead of phonemes as the concatenative units of speech signals
it represents the rhythmic organization of an utterance by a magnitude-controlled syllable-boundary pulse train.
Syllable duration
computed based on the magnitude distribution of the syllable pulses.
Fujimura’s suggestion
suggested that a certain aspect of articulatory movement patterns was characteristically constant for a given demisyllable, even across varying stress conditions.
Fujimura’s theory
the theory assumed, as did Ohman that a sequence of vowel gestures for syllable nuclei formed a slowly changing syllabic gesture as an aspect of what is called base function, on which local quick gestures for consonants are superimposed, according to syllabic feature specifications.
14.2.1 Phrase-final elongation
Phrase-final elongation
phrase-final elongation is a phonetic-boundary effect that appears mainly as rhyme elongation in phrase-final position.
the elongation could be modeled as an expansion of the time scale, slowing down all gestures in the same way.
the elongation could be a matter of inserting a specific boundary duration, perhaps implemented as an adjustment of the proportionality coefficient in the relation.
the elongation could create a pause, whether it is a period of silence or a period filled with spilled over voicing and other articulatory gestures.
The present study aims
verifying previous results
considered as a measure of the syllable magnitude and of gap duration on speed of crucial articulator movement
14.3 Method
14.3.1 Data
resource
were acquired at the University of Wisconsin by the X-ray Microbeam system
14.3.2 Subjects
The subjects were three native speakers of Midwest American English, two males and one female.
14.3.3 Data analysis
14.3.3.1 Analysis of iceberg invariance
Iceberg curves
Iceberg curves were measured and extracted from the tracings of the crucial articulator production of the digits 9 and 5 in the dialogs.
The objectives of corpus
the corpus was designed in order to observe variation of prosodic patterns.
Excursion
Excursion defined as the difference of pellet height values between the beginning and ending values of each visually determined demisyllabic movement curve.
The present study
the systematic effect of two prosodic parameters
syllable duration reflecting magnitude of the syllable
magnitude of the gap between two syllables on the strength of consonantal gestures
14.2 The converter/ distributor model
The converter/distributor (C/D) model
a non-traditional relatively powerful model of phonetic organization that uses syllables instead of phonemes as the concatenative units of speech signals
it represents the rhythmic organization of an utterance by a magnitude-controlled syllable-boundary pulse train.
Syllable duration
computed based on the magnitude distribution of the syllable pulses.
Fujimura’s suggestion
suggested that a certain aspect of articulatory movement patterns was characteristically constant for a given demisyllable, even across varying stress conditions.
Fujimura’s theory
the theory assumed, as did Ohman that a sequence of vowel gestures for syllable nuclei formed a slowly changing syllabic gesture as an aspect of what is called base function, on which local quick gestures for consonants are superimposed, according to syllabic feature specifications.
14.2.1 Phrase-final elongation
Phrase-final elongation
phrase-final elongation is a phonetic-boundary effect that appears mainly as rhyme elongation in phrase-final position.
the elongation could be modeled as an expansion of the time scale, slowing down all gestures in the same way.
the elongation could be a matter of inserting a specific boundary duration, perhaps implemented as an adjustment of the proportionality coefficient in the relation.
the elongation could create a pause, whether it is a period of silence or a period filled with spilled over voicing and other articulatory gestures.
The present study aims
verifying previous results
considered as a measure of the syllable magnitude and of gap duration on speed of crucial articulator movement
14.3 Method
14.3.1 Data
resource
were acquired at the University of Wisconsin by the X-ray Microbeam system
14.3.2 Subjects
The subjects were three native speakers of Midwest American English, two males and one female.
14.3.3 Data analysis
14.3.3.1 Analysis of iceberg invariance
Iceberg curves
Iceberg curves were measured and extracted from the tracings of the crucial articulator production of the digits 9 and 5 in the dialogs.
The objectives of corpus
the corpus was designed in order to observe variation of prosodic patterns.
Excursion
Excursion defined as the difference of pellet height values between the beginning and ending values of each visually determined demisyllabic movement curve.
2008年6月5日 星期四
Chapter 7.3
Chapter 7.3 Relationships between variables
The basis of comparison
When a categorical and a numerical variable are compared, the means of the numerical variable in each category form the basis of comparison
The purpose
1. to see if greater complexity on the two variables tends to co-occur
2. to see if a compensatory relationship exists
3. to if there is no overall trend of either kind.
Figure 7.1 the relationship between
syllable structure complexity
the size of the consonant inventory
Analysis variance shows
a highly significant effect of syllable category on consonant inventory size
al pairwise comparisons are highly significant in a post-hoc comparison
A correlation
an increase in tone vowel inventory size
the presence of a tone system
There is no systematic relationship
the number of vowel qualities
the number of consonants in the inventories of the languages
The final comparison
the two categorical variables reflecting complexity of syllable structure
tone system
tone system complexity does not associate with the complexity of syllable structure; rather the occurrence of complex syllable structure and lower tonal complexity are associated.
The basis of comparison
When a categorical and a numerical variable are compared, the means of the numerical variable in each category form the basis of comparison
The purpose
1. to see if greater complexity on the two variables tends to co-occur
2. to see if a compensatory relationship exists
3. to if there is no overall trend of either kind.
Figure 7.1 the relationship between
syllable structure complexity
the size of the consonant inventory
Analysis variance shows
a highly significant effect of syllable category on consonant inventory size
al pairwise comparisons are highly significant in a post-hoc comparison
A correlation
an increase in tone vowel inventory size
the presence of a tone system
There is no systematic relationship
the number of vowel qualities
the number of consonants in the inventories of the languages
The final comparison
the two categorical variables reflecting complexity of syllable structure
tone system
tone system complexity does not associate with the complexity of syllable structure; rather the occurrence of complex syllable structure and lower tonal complexity are associated.
2008年6月3日 星期二
Theo Vennemann (1937~)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Theo Vennemann genannt Nierfeld (May 27, 1937 - ) is a German linguist known best for his work on historical linguistics, especially for his disputed theories of a Vasconic substratum and an Atlantic superstratum of European languages. He also suggested that the High German consonant shift was already completed in the early 1st century BC, and not in the 9th century AD as most experts believe.
Theories on the prehistory of European languages
Vennemann's controversial claims about the prehistory of European languages include the following:
Vasconic, a hypothetical ancestor language of Basque, is a substratum of European languages, especially Germanic, Celtic, and Italic. This is evidenced by various loan words, toponyms, and structural features such as word-initial accent.
The so-called Old European hydronymy, traditionally considered as Indo-European, is classified as Vasconic by Vennemann.
Numerous toponyms that are traditionally considered as Indo-European by virtue of their Indo-European head words are considered Vasconic names that have been adapted to Indo-European languages through the addition of the suffix.
Punic, the Semitic language spoken in classical Carthage, is a superstratum of the Germanic languages. According to Vennemann, Carthaginians colonized the North Sea region between the 6th and 3rd centuries BC; this is evidenced by numerous Semitic loan words in the Germanic languages, as well as structural features such as strong verbs, and similarities between Norse religion and Semitic religion. This theory replaces his older theory of a superstratum of an unknown Semitic language called "Atlantic".
Punic is a substratum of the Celtic languages, as shown by certain structural features of Celtic.
The Runic alphabet is derived directly from the Phoenician alphabet used by the Carthaginians, without intervention by the Greek alphabet.
The Germanic sound shift is dated to the 6th to 3rd centuries BC, as evidenced by the fact that some presumed Punic loan words participated in it, while others did not.
Theo Vennemann genannt Nierfeld (May 27, 1937 - ) is a German linguist known best for his work on historical linguistics, especially for his disputed theories of a Vasconic substratum and an Atlantic superstratum of European languages. He also suggested that the High German consonant shift was already completed in the early 1st century BC, and not in the 9th century AD as most experts believe.
Theories on the prehistory of European languages
Vennemann's controversial claims about the prehistory of European languages include the following:
Vasconic, a hypothetical ancestor language of Basque, is a substratum of European languages, especially Germanic, Celtic, and Italic. This is evidenced by various loan words, toponyms, and structural features such as word-initial accent.
The so-called Old European hydronymy, traditionally considered as Indo-European, is classified as Vasconic by Vennemann.
Numerous toponyms that are traditionally considered as Indo-European by virtue of their Indo-European head words are considered Vasconic names that have been adapted to Indo-European languages through the addition of the suffix.
Punic, the Semitic language spoken in classical Carthage, is a superstratum of the Germanic languages. According to Vennemann, Carthaginians colonized the North Sea region between the 6th and 3rd centuries BC; this is evidenced by numerous Semitic loan words in the Germanic languages, as well as structural features such as strong verbs, and similarities between Norse religion and Semitic religion. This theory replaces his older theory of a superstratum of an unknown Semitic language called "Atlantic".
Punic is a substratum of the Celtic languages, as shown by certain structural features of Celtic.
The Runic alphabet is derived directly from the Phoenician alphabet used by the Carthaginians, without intervention by the Greek alphabet.
The Germanic sound shift is dated to the 6th to 3rd centuries BC, as evidenced by the fact that some presumed Punic loan words participated in it, while others did not.
輔大語言所音韻網站連結
Gunnar Fant (1919~)
Gunnar Fant
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Carl Gunnar Michael Fant (born October 8, 1919) is professor emeritus at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in Stockholm. He is a first cousin of George Fant.
Gunnar Fant received a Master of Science in Electrical Engineering in 1945. He specialized in the acoustics of the human voice, measuring formant values, and continued to work in this area at Ericsson and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He also took the initiative of creating a speech communication department at KTH, unusual at the time.
Gunnar Fant's work led to the birth of a new era of speech synthesis with the introduction of powerful and configurable formant synthesizers. In the 1960s, Gunnar Fant's Orator Verbis Electris (OVE) competed with Walter Lawrence's Parametric Artificial Talker (PAT)[1] in creating very life-like speech synthesis.
In later years, Gunnar Fant has remained active in the area of speech synthesis, focusing mainly on research on prosody.
Gunnar Fant has received honorary doctorates from the Grenoble University (1978) and from Stockholm University (1988), and several other awards, such as the Swedish Academy Margit Påhlson award, and the IEEE James L. Flanagan Speech and Audio Processing Award
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Carl Gunnar Michael Fant (born October 8, 1919) is professor emeritus at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in Stockholm. He is a first cousin of George Fant.
Gunnar Fant received a Master of Science in Electrical Engineering in 1945. He specialized in the acoustics of the human voice, measuring formant values, and continued to work in this area at Ericsson and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He also took the initiative of creating a speech communication department at KTH, unusual at the time.
Gunnar Fant's work led to the birth of a new era of speech synthesis with the introduction of powerful and configurable formant synthesizers. In the 1960s, Gunnar Fant's Orator Verbis Electris (OVE) competed with Walter Lawrence's Parametric Artificial Talker (PAT)[1] in creating very life-like speech synthesis.
In later years, Gunnar Fant has remained active in the area of speech synthesis, focusing mainly on research on prosody.
Gunnar Fant has received honorary doctorates from the Grenoble University (1978) and from Stockholm University (1988), and several other awards, such as the Swedish Academy Margit Påhlson award, and the IEEE James L. Flanagan Speech and Audio Processing Award
輔大語言所音韻網站
2008年5月15日 星期四
Questions and sub-questions in phonology
What are phonological universals?
How can we account for common patterns in diverse languages, such as segment inventories and phonotactics?
What is the traditional phonology?
How phonology involve into its current state?
How did language and speech arise or evolve in our species?
Why is the vocal apparatus different as a function of the age and sex of the speaker?
What is the relation, if any, between human speech and non-human communication?
What new methods can we use in phonology?
How language changes occur?
What’s the way phonology going to be changed?
What factors contribute to those phonological changes?
Why and how does pronunciation change over time, thus giving rise to different dialects and language and different forms of the same word or morpheme in different contexts?
Where do phonologists acquire information?
What other fields can phonology apply?
How phonology functions in other fields?
How can we account for common patterns in diverse languages, such as segment inventories and phonotactics?
What is the traditional phonology?
How phonology involve into its current state?
How did language and speech arise or evolve in our species?
Why is the vocal apparatus different as a function of the age and sex of the speaker?
What is the relation, if any, between human speech and non-human communication?
What new methods can we use in phonology?
How language changes occur?
What’s the way phonology going to be changed?
What factors contribute to those phonological changes?
Why and how does pronunciation change over time, thus giving rise to different dialects and language and different forms of the same word or morpheme in different contexts?
Where do phonologists acquire information?
What other fields can phonology apply?
How phonology functions in other fields?
8 most important phonological questions
8 most important phonological questions of mine
1. What are phonological universals?
2. What is the traditional phonology?
3. How phonology involve into its current state?
Text book:
8. How did language and speech arise or evolve in our species? Why is the vocal apparatus different as a function of the age and sex of the speaker? What is the relation, if any, between human speech and non-human communication.
4. What new methods can we use in phonology?
5. What factors contribute to those phonological changes?
Text book:
3. Why and how does pronunciation change over time, thus giving rise to different dialects and language and different forms of the same word or morpheme in different contexts? How can we account for common patterns in diverse languages, such as segment inventories and phonotactics?
6. Where do phonologists acquire information?
7. What other field can phonology apply?
8. What’s the way phonology going to be changed? (language change)
Text book:
3. Why and how does pronunciation change over time, thus giving rise to different dialects and language and different forms of the same word or morpheme in different contexts? How can we account for common patterns in diverse languages, such as segment inventories and phonotactics?
There are three questions of mine is similar in the questions in text book.
1. What are phonological universals?
2. What is the traditional phonology?
3. How phonology involve into its current state?
Text book:
8. How did language and speech arise or evolve in our species? Why is the vocal apparatus different as a function of the age and sex of the speaker? What is the relation, if any, between human speech and non-human communication.
4. What new methods can we use in phonology?
5. What factors contribute to those phonological changes?
Text book:
3. Why and how does pronunciation change over time, thus giving rise to different dialects and language and different forms of the same word or morpheme in different contexts? How can we account for common patterns in diverse languages, such as segment inventories and phonotactics?
6. Where do phonologists acquire information?
7. What other field can phonology apply?
8. What’s the way phonology going to be changed? (language change)
Text book:
3. Why and how does pronunciation change over time, thus giving rise to different dialects and language and different forms of the same word or morpheme in different contexts? How can we account for common patterns in diverse languages, such as segment inventories and phonotactics?
There are three questions of mine is similar in the questions in text book.
2008年5月6日 星期二
Phonological Universals
What is a phonological universal?
http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPhonologicalUniversal.htm
Definition
A phonological universal is a common tendency found in the phonological systems of many languages.
http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPhonologicalUniversal.htm
Definition
A phonological universal is a common tendency found in the phonological systems of many languages.
Examples: Vowel systems
Here are some phonological universals concerning vowel systems:
Symmetry
Vowel systems tend to be symmetrical.
The minimal vowel system includes /i a u/. All known languages are said to have these three vowels, or slight variations of them.
Rounding
Back vowels tend to be rounded.
Front vowels tend to be unrounded.
A functional explanation for these vowel universals is that, in its vowel system, a language is likely to use those vowels that are the most perceptually different from one another. This makes it easier for the listener to distinguish between the vowels in the system.
Examples: Consonant systems
Here are some phonological universals concerning consonant systems:
Symmetry
Consonant systems tend to be symmetrical.
A correlation between point of articulation and voicing of obstruents shows up when there are asymmetries in a consonant inventory.
A language is less likely to have voiceless labial obstruents than any other voiceless obstruents.
A language is less likely to have voiced velar obstruents than any other voiced obstruents.
All languages are expected to have at least the following consonant phonemes:
Voiceless plosives (stops)
Nasals
A grooved fricative (for example, /s/)
A laryngeal glide (usually /h/)
Voicing
Most obstruents are voiceless
Most sonorants are voiced.
Example: Nasality
Here are some phonological universals concerning nasality, a process that commonly interacts with both consonants and vowels:
Consonants
Nearly all languages have nasal consonants.
Vowels
Nasal vowels are usually the exact counterparts of the oral vowels.
If a language has fewer nasal vowels than oral, it is usually the mid nasal vowels that are missing.
In the “Experimental Approaches to Phonology”
Phonological universals are understood here as resulting from production and perceptual constraints shaping spoken language. Besides being universal, these forces influence language in a probabilistic way. Broadly speaking, production constraints stem from neurological, anatomical, physiological, and aerodynamic conditions, as well from the mapping between vocal tract shape and the resulting acoustic signal, while perceptual constraints derive from the peripheral and central auditory transforms of speech, lateral inhibition, masking, critical bands, short-term memory, and the way in which sounds are stored and retrieved.
Intonational Phonology
資料來源:
作者：D. Robert Ladd
出版日期 1996
Intonational Phonology
Until the late 1970s there was not really any such notion, and even now it is not obvious to many intonation researchers what intonational phonology might mean. It is therefore necessary to demystify this term quite explicitly.
Until the late 1970s there was not really any such notion, and even now it is not obvious to many intonation researchers what intonational phonology might mean. It is therefore necessary to demystify this term quite explicitly.
The ‘impressionistic’ or ‘proto-phonological’ approach was that of linguists and language teacher who were interested in describing intonation either for practical ends or as part of the general development of phonemic theory. This approach is represented by the work of the American structuralist school and those of the British school. Descriptions in this tradition treat intonation in terms of a small number of categorically distinct elements pitch phonemes, nuclear tones, etc.-and in this sense may be said to be investigating ‘intoantional phonology’. However, in most cases the authors of these descriptions had no ambitions to go beyond data that could be gathered by traditional auditory methods and written down as impressionistic pitch curves. Moreover, for reasons that I will discuss further below, within the impressionistic tradition there were always significant disagreements about the inventory of categorically distinct elements, and there was no obvious standard of evidence for settling such disagreement.
In any case, before writing an entire book on the subject of intonational phonology, it seems appropriate to address the views of those who question whwther intonational phonology even exists.
輔仁語言所音韻網頁連結
2008年5月1日 星期四
Chapter 2 2.4
2.4 Conclusion
A structure-first approach is a means of identifying issues
The phonological patterning can provide clues concerning phonetic mechanisms.
Two other conclusions
Regular phonology exists
Elicitation is experimental phonology
informant work as experimental elicitation.
Findings
Tone rules have what phonologists used to call “psychological reality”
The experimental nature of elicitation should not be underestimated.
A structure-first approach is a means of identifying issues
The phonological patterning can provide clues concerning phonetic mechanisms.
Two other conclusions
Regular phonology exists
Elicitation is experimental phonology
informant work as experimental elicitation.
Findings
Tone rules have what phonologists used to call “psychological reality”
The experimental nature of elicitation should not be underestimated.
2008年3月6日 星期四
Chapter 1
PART I Theory and Background
Chapter 1 Method in Phonology
1.1 Introduction
Examine the methodological achievements of phonology
1.2 Questions, Answers, Method
1.2.1 Questions
Some of the questions have good candidate answers. Some of the questions do not yet have widely accepted answers
1.2.2 Theories
The theories or candidate answer given to the questions vary a great deal.
1.2.3 Methods
Methods employed by scientific disciplines—especially those that are experimental or fundamentally empirical
The development of new methods can revolutionize a discipline.
Three key elements of what has been called the “scientific method”
To present data in an objective way
In a quantified way—that is, numerically
To present evidence that overcomes doubt as to its relevance to a particular hypothesis or theory.
Chapter 1 Method in Phonology
1.1 Introduction
Examine the methodological achievements of phonology
1.2 Questions, Answers, Method
1.2.1 Questions
Some of the questions have good candidate answers. Some of the questions do not yet have widely accepted answers
1.2.2 Theories
The theories or candidate answer given to the questions vary a great deal.
1.2.3 Methods
Methods employed by scientific disciplines—especially those that are experimental or fundamentally empirical
The development of new methods can revolutionize a discipline.
Three key elements of what has been called the “scientific method”
To present data in an objective way
In a quantified way—that is, numerically
To present evidence that overcomes doubt as to its relevance to a particular hypothesis or theory.
Perface
Preface
The origin of the book
May 2004 Berkeley, conference on “Methods in Phonology”
Conference in honor of John Ohala
The two focuses on central facets of experimental approaches
Experimental methods
Methods to test phonological hypothesis on
the knowledge of speakers and hears’ native sound system
the acquisition of the sound system
the laws that govern the sound system
Methods are not static
Increasingly diverse questions
Structure of grammar
Representation of sound patterns
Phonetic and phonological constraints
Categorization
New technology and database open up new opportunities
Development of the techniques
Availability of corpora
Phonological unification in recognition and application
Experiment embedment within other science fields
To unify the established knowledge and the account of language and speech
Modeling in Phonology and relevant techniques
The ability to model relevant behaviors and patterns
The increasing importance of modeling tools
Phonological findings, techniques and implications
Another focus is on the phonological findings that emerge from the use of experimental techniques and their theoretical implications.
The major phonological issues in this book
Phonological universals
Understanding the phonetic factors that may give rise to phonological change
Maintaining, enhancing and modeling phonological contrast.
Assessing phonological knowledge.
The introduction of the content
Part I—theoretical considerations and background.
Part II—“Phonological Universals”
Part III—“Phonetic variation and phonological change” .
Part IV—“Modeling, Maintaining, and Enhancing Phonological Contrast”
Part V—“Phonotactic and phonological knowledge”.
The origin of the book
May 2004 Berkeley, conference on “Methods in Phonology”
Conference in honor of John Ohala
The two focuses on central facets of experimental approaches
Experimental methods
Methods to test phonological hypothesis on
the knowledge of speakers and hears’ native sound system
the acquisition of the sound system
the laws that govern the sound system
Methods are not static
Increasingly diverse questions
Structure of grammar
Representation of sound patterns
Phonetic and phonological constraints
Categorization
New technology and database open up new opportunities
Development of the techniques
Availability of corpora
Phonological unification in recognition and application
Experiment embedment within other science fields
To unify the established knowledge and the account of language and speech
Modeling in Phonology and relevant techniques
The ability to model relevant behaviors and patterns
The increasing importance of modeling tools
Phonological findings, techniques and implications
Another focus is on the phonological findings that emerge from the use of experimental techniques and their theoretical implications.
The major phonological issues in this book
Phonological universals
Understanding the phonetic factors that may give rise to phonological change
Maintaining, enhancing and modeling phonological contrast.
Assessing phonological knowledge.
The introduction of the content
Part I—theoretical considerations and background.
Part II—“Phonological Universals”
Part III—“Phonetic variation and phonological change” .
Part IV—“Modeling, Maintaining, and Enhancing Phonological Contrast”
Part V—“Phonotactic and phonological knowledge”.
2008年2月28日 星期四
Phonology textbook
Sole, Maria-Josep. Beddor Pratrice, Speeter. Ohala Manjari. (2007) Experimental Approaches To Phonology. New York: Oxford University Press.
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