Coronal consonant
Coronal consonants are articulated with the flexible front part of the tongue. Only the coronal consonants can be divided into apical (using the tongue tip), laminal (using the tongue blade), domed (with the tongue bunched up), or sub-apical (with the tongue curled back), as well as a few rarer orientations, because only the front of the tongue has such dexterity. Coronals also have another dimension, grooved, that is used to make sibilants in combination with the orientations above.
Coronal places of articulation include the dental consonants at the upper teeth, the alveolar consonants at the upper gum (the alveolar ridge), the various postalveolar consonants (domed palato-alveolar, laminal alveolo-palatal, and apical retroflex) just behind that, and the true retroflex consonants curled back against the hard palate.
(The list below is missing linguolabial, alveolo-palatal and retroflex consonants)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Dorsal consonant
Dorsal consonants are articulated with the mid body of the tongue (the dorsum). They contrast with coronal consonants articulated with the flexible front of the tongue, and radical consonants articulated with the root of the tongue.
The dorsum of the tongue can contact a broad region of the roof of the mouth, from the hard palate (so-called palatal consonants), the flexible velum behind that (velar consonants), to the uvula at the back of the mouth cavity (uvular consonants). These distinctions are not clear cut, and sometimes finer gradations such as pre-palatal, pre-velar, and post-velar will be noted.
Because the tip of the tongue can curl back to also contact the hard palate for retroflex consonants, consonants produced by contact between the dorsum and the palate are sometimes called dorso-palatal.
The most common pronunciation of the English letter G (as in the garden or to grab) is dorsal, a voiced velar plosive.
The pronunciation of the letters K, Q, and sometimes C (as in the cake or to crawl) is similarly dorsal, a voiceless velar plosive.
Two English approximants, Y as in yellow and W as in white, are also dorsal consonants, palatal and labialised velar respectively.
The German CH sound, found in Scottish English loch, is a dorsal fricative.
The dorsum of the tongue can contact a broad region of the roof of the mouth, from the hard palate (so-called palatal consonants), the flexible velum behind that (velar consonants), to the uvula at the back of the mouth cavity (uvular consonants). These distinctions are not clear cut, and sometimes finer gradations such as pre-palatal, pre-velar, and post-velar will be noted.
Because the tip of the tongue can curl back to also contact the hard palate for retroflex consonants, consonants produced by contact between the dorsum and the palate are sometimes called dorso-palatal.
The most common pronunciation of the English letter G (as in the garden or to grab) is dorsal, a voiced velar plosive.
The pronunciation of the letters K, Q, and sometimes C (as in the cake or to crawl) is similarly dorsal, a voiceless velar plosive.
Two English approximants, Y as in yellow and W as in white, are also dorsal consonants, palatal and labialised velar respectively.
The German CH sound, found in Scottish English loch, is a dorsal fricative.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
12.1 Introduction
The rhotics (r-sounds) are known for having a particularly wide range of phonetic variation
Why would [r] change into [R]?
How does sound change begin?
The purpose
To examine the perceptual preconditions for reinterpretations of place of articulation
1) Establish an articulatory-acoustic reference system for a number of /r/ types
2) To evaluate the articulatory-acoustic relationships using articulatory modeling.
3) To synthesize an /r/ continuum situated in the F2-F3 area in question.
12.2 Formant Frequencies for places of /r/ articulation
12.2.1 Data
We recorded reference material to obtain formant frequencies for various approximant rhotics
12.2.2 Comments
The pharyngeals, uvulars, and back velars form separate but adjacent clusters.
12.3 APEX simulations
12.3.1 The APEX model
1) an implementation of a framework previously developed for vowels
2)subsequently augmented with tongue tip and blade parameters
3) APEX is a tool for going from articulatory positions to sound in four steps
4) From specifications for lips, tongue lip, tongue body, jaw opening and larynx height, APEX constructs an articulatory profile.
12.3.2 Simulations
APEX was used to help answer two questions
What are the acoustic consequences of varying the place of articulation in /r/-like coronal articulations?
What are the acoustic consequences of varying the place of articulation in /r/-like dorsal articulations?
12.3.3 Conclusions
By the large, it can be seen that APEX corroborates the articulatory properties exhibited by speaker O. It would therefore seen justified to assume that they are descriptively valid not only for him, but, at least qualitatively, also more generally.
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