C21. Experimental Methods in the Study of Hindi Geminate Consonants
21.1 Introduction
Purpose
To provide answers about long consonants or geminates, using an experimental approach in the analysis of Hindi geminates.
The specific topics in this chapter
a) the duration of geminates and of the vowels preceding them
b) long distance durational effects
c) the duration of geminates via-a-vis clusters and of the vowel preceding these.
d)the syllabification of geminates and the issue of their integrity
e) the status of apparent geminates
21.1.1 Some facts about geminates in Hindi
involve the consonantal closure
two separate consonants
have severe phonotactic restrictions.
they occur only intervocalically
always preceded by the non-preipheral vowels, the short vowels
21.2.2 Diachronic data on development of geminates
due to cluster simplification in the development of Middle Indo-Aryan (MIA) from Sanskirt.
2008年6月11日 星期三
APEX model
APEX: an articulatory synthesis model for experimental and computational studies of speech production.
Writers: Stark, J. and Lindblom, B. and Sundberg, J
Speech, Music and Hearing
Communication and interaction between humans via speech and music is the unifying theme of research and teaching within the Department of Speech, Music and Hearing. The department is engaged in a diverse set of multi-disciplinary activities, commonly classified into speech communication, speech technology, speech coding, music acoustics, auditory perception and second language acquisition, to mention the largest areas. The department is also the home of the KTH Unit for Language and Communication.
Abstract
Introduction
http://www.speech.kth.se/prod/publications/files/qpsr/1996/1996_37_2_045-048.pdf
Related reading
THE APEX MODEL AS A TOOL IN THE SPECIFICATION OF SPEAKERSPECIFICARTICULATORY BEHAVIOR
Johan Stark*, Christine Ericsdotter*, Peter Branderud*, Johan Sundberg¤, Hans-Jerker Lundberg^,Jaroslava Lander+
*Stockholm University, ¤Royal Institute of Technology, ^Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm,+Södersjukhuset, Stockholm
http://www.ling.su.se/fon/perilus/1999_19.pdf
Writers: Stark, J. and Lindblom, B. and Sundberg, J
Dept. for Speech, Music and HearingQuarterly Progress andStatus Report
Institution: KTH
Speech, Music and Hearing
Communication and interaction between humans via speech and music is the unifying theme of research and teaching within the Department of Speech, Music and Hearing. The department is engaged in a diverse set of multi-disciplinary activities, commonly classified into speech communication, speech technology, speech coding, music acoustics, auditory perception and second language acquisition, to mention the largest areas. The department is also the home of the KTH Unit for Language and Communication.
Abstract
This is a preliminary report of a project in progress with the purpose to create anarticulatory synthesis model for studies of speech production. It is realised by acomputer program which may control the lips, the shape of the tongue body andapex, and the mandible. An area function may be computed and displayed graphicallyand numerically. Formant values may be computed and sent to a formantsynthesis model for sound production using a DSP hardware module. Automaticand systematic generation of parameters may be achieved and the results sent to adisk jile. The program keeps all speaker dependent data in a disk file, enablingprocessing of several speakers.
Introduction
The Apex project is aimed at the creation of anarticulatory speech model to be used as a tool instudying an important class of speech sounds:apical speech sounds. The need for such amodel is for example found in phonology:(Browman and Goldstein 1992), speech technology:articulatory speech syntesis: (Lin 1990,Fant 1992), and in general basic phonetic research:(Hardcastle and Marchal 1990). Researchin music acoustics and in singing mayalso be mentioned. Another goal is to gain adeeper understanding of coarticulation ofspeech. This knowledge may hopefully beachieved by comparing speech data from themodel with data gathered by laboratory experiments,e.g. movement data using a movetracksystem (Branderud) and data from signal analysisand spectrograms.
The apex model
The apex model is created by a parabolic function.The parabola is attached by its one leg tothe tongue body. The other leg's end correspondto the tip. The model is rotated in order toacheive a smooth conjunction between body and apex.
http://www.speech.kth.se/prod/publications/files/qpsr/1996/1996_37_2_045-048.pdf
Related reading
THE APEX MODEL AS A TOOL IN THE SPECIFICATION OF SPEAKERSPECIFICARTICULATORY BEHAVIOR
Johan Stark*, Christine Ericsdotter*, Peter Branderud*, Johan Sundberg¤, Hans-Jerker Lundberg^,Jaroslava Lander+
*Stockholm University, ¤Royal Institute of Technology, ^Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm,+Södersjukhuset, Stockholm
http://www.ling.su.se/fon/perilus/1999_19.pdf
Ch.12 A Perceptual Bridge Between Coronal and Dorsal /r/
Chapter 12 A Perceptual Bridge Between Coronal and Dorsal /r/
Coronal consonant
Coronal consonants are articulated with the flexible front part of the tongue. Only the coronal consonants can be divided into apical (using the tongue tip), laminal (using the tongue blade), domed (with the tongue bunched up), or sub-apical (with the tongue curled back), as well as a few rarer orientations, because only the front of the tongue has such dexterity. Coronals also have another dimension, grooved, that is used to make sibilants in combination with the orientations above.
Coronal places of articulation include the dental consonants at the upper teeth, the alveolar consonants at the upper gum (the alveolar ridge), the various postalveolar consonants (domed palato-alveolar, laminal alveolo-palatal, and apical retroflex) just behind that, and the true retroflex consonants curled back against the hard palate.
(The list below is missing linguolabial, alveolo-palatal and retroflex consonants)
12.1 Introduction
The rhotics (r-sounds) are known for having a particularly wide range of phonetic variation
Why would [r] change into [R]?
How does sound change begin?
The purpose
To examine the perceptual preconditions for reinterpretations of place of articulation
1) Establish an articulatory-acoustic reference system for a number of /r/ types
2) To evaluate the articulatory-acoustic relationships using articulatory modeling.
3) To synthesize an /r/ continuum situated in the F2-F3 area in question.
12.2 Formant Frequencies for places of /r/ articulation
12.2.1 Data
We recorded reference material to obtain formant frequencies for various approximant rhotics
12.2.2 Comments
The pharyngeals, uvulars, and back velars form separate but adjacent clusters.
12.3 APEX simulations
12.3.1 The APEX model
1) an implementation of a framework previously developed for vowels
2)subsequently augmented with tongue tip and blade parameters
3) APEX is a tool for going from articulatory positions to sound in four steps
4) From specifications for lips, tongue lip, tongue body, jaw opening and larynx height, APEX constructs an articulatory profile.
12.3.2 Simulations
APEX was used to help answer two questions
What are the acoustic consequences of varying the place of articulation in /r/-like coronal articulations?
What are the acoustic consequences of varying the place of articulation in /r/-like dorsal articulations?
12.3.3 Conclusions
By the large, it can be seen that APEX corroborates the articulatory properties exhibited by speaker O. It would therefore seen justified to assume that they are descriptively valid not only for him, but, at least qualitatively, also more generally.
Coronal consonant
Coronal consonants are articulated with the flexible front part of the tongue. Only the coronal consonants can be divided into apical (using the tongue tip), laminal (using the tongue blade), domed (with the tongue bunched up), or sub-apical (with the tongue curled back), as well as a few rarer orientations, because only the front of the tongue has such dexterity. Coronals also have another dimension, grooved, that is used to make sibilants in combination with the orientations above.
Coronal places of articulation include the dental consonants at the upper teeth, the alveolar consonants at the upper gum (the alveolar ridge), the various postalveolar consonants (domed palato-alveolar, laminal alveolo-palatal, and apical retroflex) just behind that, and the true retroflex consonants curled back against the hard palate.
(The list below is missing linguolabial, alveolo-palatal and retroflex consonants)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Dorsal consonant
Dorsal consonants are articulated with the mid body of the tongue (the dorsum). They contrast with coronal consonants articulated with the flexible front of the tongue, and radical consonants articulated with the root of the tongue.
The dorsum of the tongue can contact a broad region of the roof of the mouth, from the hard palate (so-called palatal consonants), the flexible velum behind that (velar consonants), to the uvula at the back of the mouth cavity (uvular consonants). These distinctions are not clear cut, and sometimes finer gradations such as pre-palatal, pre-velar, and post-velar will be noted.
Because the tip of the tongue can curl back to also contact the hard palate for retroflex consonants, consonants produced by contact between the dorsum and the palate are sometimes called dorso-palatal.
The most common pronunciation of the English letter G (as in the garden or to grab) is dorsal, a voiced velar plosive.
The pronunciation of the letters K, Q, and sometimes C (as in the cake or to crawl) is similarly dorsal, a voiceless velar plosive.
Two English approximants, Y as in yellow and W as in white, are also dorsal consonants, palatal and labialised velar respectively.
The German CH sound, found in Scottish English loch, is a dorsal fricative.
The dorsum of the tongue can contact a broad region of the roof of the mouth, from the hard palate (so-called palatal consonants), the flexible velum behind that (velar consonants), to the uvula at the back of the mouth cavity (uvular consonants). These distinctions are not clear cut, and sometimes finer gradations such as pre-palatal, pre-velar, and post-velar will be noted.
Because the tip of the tongue can curl back to also contact the hard palate for retroflex consonants, consonants produced by contact between the dorsum and the palate are sometimes called dorso-palatal.
The most common pronunciation of the English letter G (as in the garden or to grab) is dorsal, a voiced velar plosive.
The pronunciation of the letters K, Q, and sometimes C (as in the cake or to crawl) is similarly dorsal, a voiceless velar plosive.
Two English approximants, Y as in yellow and W as in white, are also dorsal consonants, palatal and labialised velar respectively.
The German CH sound, found in Scottish English loch, is a dorsal fricative.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
12.1 Introduction
The rhotics (r-sounds) are known for having a particularly wide range of phonetic variation
Why would [r] change into [R]?
How does sound change begin?
The purpose
To examine the perceptual preconditions for reinterpretations of place of articulation
1) Establish an articulatory-acoustic reference system for a number of /r/ types
2) To evaluate the articulatory-acoustic relationships using articulatory modeling.
3) To synthesize an /r/ continuum situated in the F2-F3 area in question.
12.2 Formant Frequencies for places of /r/ articulation
12.2.1 Data
We recorded reference material to obtain formant frequencies for various approximant rhotics
12.2.2 Comments
The pharyngeals, uvulars, and back velars form separate but adjacent clusters.
12.3 APEX simulations
12.3.1 The APEX model
1) an implementation of a framework previously developed for vowels
2)subsequently augmented with tongue tip and blade parameters
3) APEX is a tool for going from articulatory positions to sound in four steps
4) From specifications for lips, tongue lip, tongue body, jaw opening and larynx height, APEX constructs an articulatory profile.
12.3.2 Simulations
APEX was used to help answer two questions
What are the acoustic consequences of varying the place of articulation in /r/-like coronal articulations?
What are the acoustic consequences of varying the place of articulation in /r/-like dorsal articulations?
12.3.3 Conclusions
By the large, it can be seen that APEX corroborates the articulatory properties exhibited by speaker O. It would therefore seen justified to assume that they are descriptively valid not only for him, but, at least qualitatively, also more generally.
~Useful link~Phonoblog
http://camba.ucsd.edu/phonoloblog/
Welcome to phonoloblog, a weblog for phonologists (and other interested linguists) to share any and all ideas relevant to phonology and phonological theory. If you’re a phonologist (or other interested linguist, or even just interested), you’re welcome to contribute — just read and agree to the “rules” below.
Comments on posts are automatically open to anyone who agrees to the rules. Actual posts require a username and password — ask Eric (
phonoloblog@gmail.com).
Rules of phonoloblog (updated as necessary; last update Jan. 14, 2006)
phonoloblog is owned and administered by Eric Baković, a phonologist at UC San Diego.
In principle, phonoloblog is open to contributions from anyone with a research interest in phonology. If you would like to be a contributor to phonoloblog, please contact Eric (
phonoloblog@gmail.com) and he’ll set you up (some restrictions apply). Of course, you’re perfectly welcome to just lurk.
phonoloblog is primarily a blog for linguists, and so our contributors are not obliged to submit material that is understandable to nonlinguists (though some may do so). If you want more nonlinguist-friendly linguistics material — or just not so much phonology — check out Language Log instead.
Any abuse of these rules will be dealt with swiftly and unapologetically.
Rules for comments (by way of H. Paul Grice). Disobey them and your comment will be removed.
Quantity
Make your contribution to the conversation as informative as necessary.
Do not make your contribution to the conversation more informative than necessary.
Quality
Do not say what you believe to be false.
Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
Relevance
Be relevant (i.e., say things related to the current topic of the conversation).
Manner
Avoid obscurity of expression.
Avoid ambiguity.
Be brief (avoid unnecessary wordiness).
Be orderly.
Interested in starting a blog of your own? Click here.
Welcome to phonoloblog, a weblog for phonologists (and other interested linguists) to share any and all ideas relevant to phonology and phonological theory. If you’re a phonologist (or other interested linguist, or even just interested), you’re welcome to contribute — just read and agree to the “rules” below.
Comments on posts are automatically open to anyone who agrees to the rules. Actual posts require a username and password — ask Eric (
phonoloblog@gmail.com).
Rules of phonoloblog (updated as necessary; last update Jan. 14, 2006)
phonoloblog is owned and administered by Eric Baković, a phonologist at UC San Diego.
In principle, phonoloblog is open to contributions from anyone with a research interest in phonology. If you would like to be a contributor to phonoloblog, please contact Eric (
phonoloblog@gmail.com) and he’ll set you up (some restrictions apply). Of course, you’re perfectly welcome to just lurk.
phonoloblog is primarily a blog for linguists, and so our contributors are not obliged to submit material that is understandable to nonlinguists (though some may do so). If you want more nonlinguist-friendly linguistics material — or just not so much phonology — check out Language Log instead.
Any abuse of these rules will be dealt with swiftly and unapologetically.
Rules for comments (by way of H. Paul Grice). Disobey them and your comment will be removed.
Quantity
Make your contribution to the conversation as informative as necessary.
Do not make your contribution to the conversation more informative than necessary.
Quality
Do not say what you believe to be false.
Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
Relevance
Be relevant (i.e., say things related to the current topic of the conversation).
Manner
Avoid obscurity of expression.
Avoid ambiguity.
Be brief (avoid unnecessary wordiness).
Be orderly.
Interested in starting a blog of your own? Click here.
Phonology Journal Reading
Collecting Mandarin Speech Databases for Prosody Investigations
Tseng, Chiu-yu, Cheng,Yun-Ching, Lee, Wei-Shan and Huang, Feng-Lan. 2004. Collecting Mandarin Speech Databases for Prosody Investigations. Journal of Chinese Language and Computing. 14(4): 269-277
資料來源:
http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/eip/FILES/publish/2007.8.17.94810121.3034094.pdf
Tseng, Chiu-yu, Cheng,Yun-Ching, Lee, Wei-Shan and Huang, Feng-Lan. 2004. Collecting Mandarin Speech Databases for Prosody Investigations. Journal of Chinese Language and Computing. 14(4): 269-277
資料來源:
http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/eip/FILES/publish/2007.8.17.94810121.3034094.pdf
2008年6月7日 星期六
Chapter 14 Articulatory Movements and Phrase Boundaries
Chapter 14 Articulatory Movements and Phrase Boundaries
The present study
the systematic effect of two prosodic parameters
syllable duration reflecting magnitude of the syllable
magnitude of the gap between two syllables on the strength of consonantal gestures
14.2 The converter/ distributor model
The converter/distributor (C/D) model
a non-traditional relatively powerful model of phonetic organization that uses syllables instead of phonemes as the concatenative units of speech signals
it represents the rhythmic organization of an utterance by a magnitude-controlled syllable-boundary pulse train.
Syllable duration
computed based on the magnitude distribution of the syllable pulses.
Fujimura’s suggestion
suggested that a certain aspect of articulatory movement patterns was characteristically constant for a given demisyllable, even across varying stress conditions.
Fujimura’s theory
the theory assumed, as did Ohman that a sequence of vowel gestures for syllable nuclei formed a slowly changing syllabic gesture as an aspect of what is called base function, on which local quick gestures for consonants are superimposed, according to syllabic feature specifications.
14.2.1 Phrase-final elongation
Phrase-final elongation
phrase-final elongation is a phonetic-boundary effect that appears mainly as rhyme elongation in phrase-final position.
the elongation could be modeled as an expansion of the time scale, slowing down all gestures in the same way.
the elongation could be a matter of inserting a specific boundary duration, perhaps implemented as an adjustment of the proportionality coefficient in the relation.
the elongation could create a pause, whether it is a period of silence or a period filled with spilled over voicing and other articulatory gestures.
The present study aims
verifying previous results
considered as a measure of the syllable magnitude and of gap duration on speed of crucial articulator movement
14.3 Method
14.3.1 Data
resource
were acquired at the University of Wisconsin by the X-ray Microbeam system
14.3.2 Subjects
The subjects were three native speakers of Midwest American English, two males and one female.
14.3.3 Data analysis
14.3.3.1 Analysis of iceberg invariance
Iceberg curves
Iceberg curves were measured and extracted from the tracings of the crucial articulator production of the digits 9 and 5 in the dialogs.
The objectives of corpus
the corpus was designed in order to observe variation of prosodic patterns.
Excursion
Excursion defined as the difference of pellet height values between the beginning and ending values of each visually determined demisyllabic movement curve.
The present study
the systematic effect of two prosodic parameters
syllable duration reflecting magnitude of the syllable
magnitude of the gap between two syllables on the strength of consonantal gestures
14.2 The converter/ distributor model
The converter/distributor (C/D) model
a non-traditional relatively powerful model of phonetic organization that uses syllables instead of phonemes as the concatenative units of speech signals
it represents the rhythmic organization of an utterance by a magnitude-controlled syllable-boundary pulse train.
Syllable duration
computed based on the magnitude distribution of the syllable pulses.
Fujimura’s suggestion
suggested that a certain aspect of articulatory movement patterns was characteristically constant for a given demisyllable, even across varying stress conditions.
Fujimura’s theory
the theory assumed, as did Ohman that a sequence of vowel gestures for syllable nuclei formed a slowly changing syllabic gesture as an aspect of what is called base function, on which local quick gestures for consonants are superimposed, according to syllabic feature specifications.
14.2.1 Phrase-final elongation
Phrase-final elongation
phrase-final elongation is a phonetic-boundary effect that appears mainly as rhyme elongation in phrase-final position.
the elongation could be modeled as an expansion of the time scale, slowing down all gestures in the same way.
the elongation could be a matter of inserting a specific boundary duration, perhaps implemented as an adjustment of the proportionality coefficient in the relation.
the elongation could create a pause, whether it is a period of silence or a period filled with spilled over voicing and other articulatory gestures.
The present study aims
verifying previous results
considered as a measure of the syllable magnitude and of gap duration on speed of crucial articulator movement
14.3 Method
14.3.1 Data
resource
were acquired at the University of Wisconsin by the X-ray Microbeam system
14.3.2 Subjects
The subjects were three native speakers of Midwest American English, two males and one female.
14.3.3 Data analysis
14.3.3.1 Analysis of iceberg invariance
Iceberg curves
Iceberg curves were measured and extracted from the tracings of the crucial articulator production of the digits 9 and 5 in the dialogs.
The objectives of corpus
the corpus was designed in order to observe variation of prosodic patterns.
Excursion
Excursion defined as the difference of pellet height values between the beginning and ending values of each visually determined demisyllabic movement curve.
2008年6月5日 星期四
Chapter 7.3
Chapter 7.3 Relationships between variables
The basis of comparison
When a categorical and a numerical variable are compared, the means of the numerical variable in each category form the basis of comparison
The purpose
1. to see if greater complexity on the two variables tends to co-occur
2. to see if a compensatory relationship exists
3. to if there is no overall trend of either kind.
Figure 7.1 the relationship between
syllable structure complexity
the size of the consonant inventory
Analysis variance shows
a highly significant effect of syllable category on consonant inventory size
al pairwise comparisons are highly significant in a post-hoc comparison
A correlation
an increase in tone vowel inventory size
the presence of a tone system
There is no systematic relationship
the number of vowel qualities
the number of consonants in the inventories of the languages
The final comparison
the two categorical variables reflecting complexity of syllable structure
tone system
tone system complexity does not associate with the complexity of syllable structure; rather the occurrence of complex syllable structure and lower tonal complexity are associated.
The basis of comparison
When a categorical and a numerical variable are compared, the means of the numerical variable in each category form the basis of comparison
The purpose
1. to see if greater complexity on the two variables tends to co-occur
2. to see if a compensatory relationship exists
3. to if there is no overall trend of either kind.
Figure 7.1 the relationship between
syllable structure complexity
the size of the consonant inventory
Analysis variance shows
a highly significant effect of syllable category on consonant inventory size
al pairwise comparisons are highly significant in a post-hoc comparison
A correlation
an increase in tone vowel inventory size
the presence of a tone system
There is no systematic relationship
the number of vowel qualities
the number of consonants in the inventories of the languages
The final comparison
the two categorical variables reflecting complexity of syllable structure
tone system
tone system complexity does not associate with the complexity of syllable structure; rather the occurrence of complex syllable structure and lower tonal complexity are associated.
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